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وبلاگ زبان انگلیسی رامسر 
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By : shamansourian [ چهارشنبه بیست و دوم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 12:5 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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Glossary of Fun Words
Sometimes new words can be a lot of fun. This glossary contains three types of fun words: words that are unusually specific and therefore perfect for certain situations, like specious (seeming good or sound at first but lacking real merit) and apolaustic (wholly devoted to the seeking of enjoyment); words that are simply fun to say, like absquatulate (flee, make off; abscond) and quidnunc (a busybody or a gossip); and, my favorite, words for things you never knew there were words for, like omphalopsychite (one who contemplates his navel) and nothosonomia (the act of calling someone a bastard). absquatulate flee, make off; abscond. agelast one who never laughs. aglet the plastic tip on the end of a shoelace. agrestic characteristic of the country, rustic; also, unpolished or uncouth. akimbo of the arms, with the hands on the hips and elbows bent outward. "He stood akimbo and surveyed the wreckage." anadromous of fish, migrating up rivers from the sea to spawn in fresh water. anile like a doddering, foolish old woman. anserine goose-like; also, silly, foolish, or stupid. anthropophagy cannibalism. apolaustic wholly devoted to the seeking of enjoyment. arcadian idyllically pastoral, simple, or untroubled. avuncular of or pertaining to an uncle; also, uncle-like. barratry the offense of frequently stirring up lawsuits or quarrels; also, in maritime law, fraud or gross criminal negligence by a captain or crew at the expense of a ship's owner or of the owner of a ship's cargo. bastinado torture by beating on the soles of the feet. bezonian a scoundrel. bibcock a faucet that is bent downward bibliobibuli those who read too much. biffy a toilet or outhouse. bodewash dried buffalo dung, used as fuel for fire. boeotian stupid, dull, obtuse; also, such a person. bolus a large medicinal pill; also, a mass of chewed food. boondoggle an unnecessary activity or wasteful expenditure. borborygmic pertaining to the rumbling of one's stomach or intestines. bosky having an abundance of trees or shrubbery. brobdingnagian enormous, immense. brummagem cheap and showy but inferior and worthless. buccal of or pertaining to the cheek or the mouth. bugaboo something that causes baseless fear or worry; also, a false belief used to intimidate. bumf toilet paper; also, worthless paperwork, literature, or junk mail. callipygian having shapely buttocks. See also: steatopygic. captious apt to raise objections to trivial faults or defects; given to fault-finding; difficult to please. caryatid a draped female figure supporting an entablature. caseifaction the act of turning into cheese. cataglottism kissing with the tongue. cerumen earwax. chatoyant changing in luster or color, as cat's eyes. chiaroscuro distribution of light and shade in a picture chthonic dwelling in the underworld. cicisbeo a male escort or lover of a married woman. collation a light meal. contumelious insolently abusive and humiliating. corrigendum a mistake to be corrected, especially an error in a printed book. corybantic frenzied or agitated. crapulous given to, characterized by, or suffering from gross excess in eating and drinking. cynosure a center of attraction or admiration. dandle to dance (a child) on one's knees; the action taken by a dandler. deasil clockwise. See also: widdershins. defenestrate to throw out of a window dendrochronology the study of growth rings on trees. dipsomania uncontrollable craving for alcohol. discalced barefooted. doddle something easy or requiring little effort. donnybrook a brawl or heated public dispute. dottle the plug of unburned tobacco left in a pipe after smoking. draggle make wet and dirty by dragging on the ground. duff decaying matter in a forest ecdysiast stripper. edacious devouring, consuming, voracious. eesome pleasing to the eye. emollient characteristic of that which softens or soothes the skin. enantiodromic characteristic of something that has become its opposite. energumen one who is possessed by a demonic entity. epeolatry worship of words. epigone an undistinguished imitator or descendant of an illustrious person or family. eructation belching; also, discharge of a volcano. esprit d'escalier a remark that occurs to someone later, after it should have been said (often a witty retort that occurs after the moment to use it has passed). estivate to spend the summer. esurient hungry. evancalous pleasant to embrace. expiscate to learn through laborious investigation. exsanguinate to drain blood from. factotum employee or assistant who does just about everything. fantods a state of nervous irritability; the fidgets; the willies. "Waiting for this semester's report card is giving me the fantods." fernticle freckle. fescue a small stick used to point out letters to a child learning to read. flews the pendulous corners of the upper lip of certain dogs, such as the bloodhound. floccinaucinihilipilification the categorizing of something as worthless. flummery meaningless chatter; also, deceptive language. footle to talk or act foolishly; to waste time. foudroyant dazzling, flashing; also, thunderous, noisy. friable easily crumbled; crumbly. frisson an emotional thrill; a shudder of emotion. frowzy ill-smelling, musty; also, slovenly, unkempt. fugacious fleeting, transitory; difficult to capture. funambulist a tightrope walker gallimaufry jumble or medley; hodgepodge. geck a dupe. genuflect bend the knee and lower the body, especially in reverence. gleek to joke or jest. gobbledygook windy gibberish or jargon. gorbellied corpulent. gormless dull, stupid, clumsy. gound the gunk that collects in the corners of the eyes during sleep. gowpen two hands placed together to form a bowl-shape; also, the amount that can be contained in a pair of cupped hands. graustark an imaginary place of high romance. grimthorpe remodel or restore an old building without proper grounding or knowledge of its authentic character or without exercising care to remain faithful to its original quality and uniqueness; after Baron Grimthorpe, English lawyer and architect, restorer of St. Alban's cathedral. hallux big toe. hangdog shamefaced, browbeaten, or intimidated. hebdomedal weekly. hircine goat-like; also, lustful. hirple to hobble or walk lamely. hornswoggle bamboozle, deceive. hoyden a boisterous, carefree girl; a tomboy. infucate to apply cosmetics. inglenook a nook by a fireplace. insouciant blithely unconcerned. insufflate to blow on or breathe into. izzat honor, prestige, reputation. jillick to skip a stone across water. jocoserious combining serious and humorous matters. jugulate to slit the throat. kalopsia the delusion that things are more beautiful than they really are. katzenjammer a loud, discordant noise; also, a hangover; also, a state of depression or bewilderment. kibitz to look on and offer unsolicited, meddlesome advice; to make wisecracks when others are trying to work or speak seriously. kickshaw a trinket or bauble; a culinary delicacy. lambent softly radiant; of a light or flame, playing on a surface without burning it; also, dealing lightly and gracefully with a subject of discussion. lapidate to stone to death. latrinalia graffiti found in restrooms. legerdemain slight of hand; magic tricks. liripipe a long scarf or cord attached to and hanging from a hood. ludic characterized by playfulness. macerate to make or become soft by steeping in a liquid; also, to waste away by fasting. madefy moisten. maffick to rejoice with an extravagant and boisterous public celebration. malinger pretend to be ill in order to avoid work or shirk duty. marmoreal resembling marble. mawkish excessively or feebly sentimental; also, having a faint, sickly taste. meldrop a drop of mucus at the end of the nose. mendacious telling lies, especially habitually; untruthful. miasma a noxious atmosphere or influence; unpleasant or unwholesome air. misprision neglect or wrongful action committed by a public official. moiety about half of something. monomania obsession with one idea or interest. moonglade the bright reflection of the moon on a body of water. mordant bitingly sarcastic. mosh to engage in uninhibited, frenzied activities with others near the stage at a rock concert. See also: mosh pit. mosh pit the place near the stage at a rock concert where moshing occurs. See also: mosh. mulct to take money from, by taxation or by trickery. mundungus stinky tobacco. myrmidon an unscrupulously faithful follower; henchman. napiform resembling a turnip. neologist one who makes up new words. nidify to build a nest. noctambulist a sleepwalker; somnambulist. nosocomephrenia depression due to a prolonged hospital stay. nothosonomia the act of calling someone a bastard. nudiustertian pertaining to the day before yesterday. nyctalopia night blindness. obdormition numbness caused by pressure on a nerve, as when one's foot is "asleep." obnubilate cloud over, darken, or obscure. ochlocracy mob rule. octothorpe the '#' symbol; also, "octothorp." omphalopsychite one who contemplates his navel. See also: omphaloskepsis. omphaloskepsis contemplation of one's navel. See also: omphalopsychite. opsimath one who begins to learn late in life. ort a scrap of food left after a meal is completed. osculate kiss. ovoviviparous producing eggs that hatch within the female's body without obtaining nourishment from it. oxter armpit. pandiculation the stretching that accompanies yawning. panjandrum a pompous official or pretender; also, the mock title of a self-important person. pantaloon a man's close-fitting garment for the hips and legs, worn especially in the 19th century pate top of the head, usually a bald head. penny-farthing an old-fashioned kind of bicycle with a huge front wheel. penultimate next to last. perendinate to put off until the day after tomorrow; also, to keep postponing from day to day. peripatetic going from place to place; itinerant. philtrum the vertical groove between the nose and upper lip. picaresque of fiction, dealing with the adventures of a rogue. pilose covered with hair. pilpul a nitpicking, unproductive argument. pinguid fat; also, greasy. placebo a harmless substance given as medicine, usually to humor a patient. poetaster an inferior poet. popinjay a talkative and conceited person. popliteal of or pertaining to the back of the knee. preponderate to surpass others in numbers, intensity, force, or prowess. prescind turn aside. psithurism a low whispering sound, such as the rustle of leaves. puckeroo useless, broken. pulchritude attractiveness. purulent containing, consisting of, or discharging pus. pusillanimous timid, faint-hearted, or cowardly. quidnunc a busybody or a gossip. quincunx the pattern of five objects arranged such that four of the five objects form a square, while the fifth is positioned in the middle. "The dots on the '5' side of a die are arranged in a quincunx." quisquilious like rubbish; trashy, worthless. raconteur one skilled in telling stories. rebarbative causing aversion or irritation. recension an editorial revision of a literary work. recidivist one who continually commits crime and seems incurable of criminal tendencies. recrudesce of a disease, sore, or hostile feeling, to break out again. renitent resistant to pressure. retroussé turned up at the tip, especially a nose. rhabdomantist one who practices divination by means of a rod to locate underground water; a dowser. riant smiling. sanguinary bloodthirsty; murderous. sanguine cheerfully confident or optimistic; also, having a healthy, reddish color. saturnine characteristic of a person having a gloomy or forbidding appearance. scuttlebutt gossip. seersucker a light, thin fabric, such as cotton or rayon, with a crinkled surface and a usually striped pattern. serendipity the faculty of accidentally making happy, unexpected discoveries. sericate silky. simous having a very flat or snub nose, with the end turned up. skosh a small amount; a tad. smithereens fragments or splintered pieces. snollygoster a shrewd, unprincipled person. sockdolager a conclusive blow or remark; also, something outstanding. somnambulist a sleepwalker; noctambulist. spanghew to cause a frog or toad to fly up in the air. spartle to move the body or limbs in a sprawling or struggling manner. specious seeming good or sound at first but lacking real merit. squabash to crush with criticism. squidger the huge disc, or wink, used to propel other winks in the game of Tiddly-Winks. squiffed intoxicated. steatopygic having fat buttocks. See also: callipygian. sternutation the act of sneezing; also, a sneeze. stymie to thwart, stump, or obstruct. subderisorious ridiculing in moderation. subfusc drab, dusty. suppurate to form pus; to fester. susurration whispering, murmuring, or rustling. sycophant one who attempts to gain a personal advantage by servile flattery. tantalolagnia arousal caused by teasing. tantivy a headlong dash or rapid gallop; also, characteristic of one in a tantivy; also, the blare of a trumpet or horn. "The man was running tantivy after the thief." tauromachy the art of bullfighting. tenebrific producing darkness; obscuring. tergiversate to turn one's back on one's party or cause; also, to make evasive statements or equivocate. termagant a shrewish, bullying woman. thewy muscled, brawny. tintinnabulous of or relating to bells or the ringing of bells. tizzy a state of nervous excitement or confusion; a dither. tohubohu a state of chaos, disorder, and confusion. tonsure the shaving of the head of those entering certain priesthoods or monastic orders; also, the part of the head left bare after such a shaving. tragus the little flap of cartilage that projects over the hole in one's ear. trollop a promiscuous woman. twee affectedly cute or quaint; overly precious or nice. ultra-crepidarian giving opinions or criticism beyond one's own range of experience. ululate lament loudly and shrilly; wail. umbrage the feeling of being offended. undulate sway in place. uvula the thing that hangs down in the back of one's throat. vermiculate having wavy, wormlike lines or motion; sinuous, tortuous. vexillologist one who studies flags. vicarious characteristic of feelings or emotions felt or shared imaginatively through the feelings or emotions of another person. vicissitude a change of circumstances affecting one's life. walla-walla the unintelligible sound made by many people talking at once. welter wriggle, writhe. whelm to cover or engulf completely, usually with disastrous effect. whinge complain fretfully, whine. widdershins counterclockwise; also, in a contrary direction. Same as "withershins." See also: deasil. withershins
By : shahmansourian [ چهارشنبه بیست و دوم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 11:16 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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[ چهارشنبه پانزدهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 12:23 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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What is the difference between
England and Britain (or Great Britain)? Three countries make up Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. So England is part of Great Britain, and a Scotsman (a person of Scottish origin) is British, too. A person born in Wales is Welsh, and they are British, too. Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom, or “the UK”. So the UK is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, the last of which is not part of Great Britain. The formal name of the country is the “United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”, but in everyday speech Britain is often used to mean the UK, though, as you have seen, this is not perfectly correct. The word “great” was added to “Britain” several hundred years ago , in the Middle Ages, when the English kings had lands in what is now France, and a certain part of it was called Britanny. To avoid confusion, they added the word “great” to the name of the land which was larger By: shamansourian
[ چهارشنبه پانزدهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 11:47 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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Examples of Vowel Sounds, plus key words:
[ چهارشنبه پانزدهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 11:36 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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Learn Synonyms Synonyms - are words that mean the same thing. When you have learnt a new word see if there are any synonyms for it. It expands your vocabulary and it will make your English more interesting and less repetitive. There are several online dictionaries that can help: Thesaurus.com | Synonym.com| Rhymezone.com Yet again using flash cards as a memory aid can help. Write the word you know on one side of the card and the most common synonyms for that word on the other side. See how many you can remember.
[ چهارشنبه پانزدهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 11:34 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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[ چهارشنبه پانزدهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 11:29 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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How to Write Well: Tips and Steps to Achieve First-Rate Writing
There are many reasons people want to develop their writing skills. The good news is that this is possible. Even better, is that you don’t have to be a genius to be a good writer. It just takes a little time, patience, and practice.
With the right guidance, in no time you will be learning how to write well. Tips for Writing Well Perhaps one of the most valuable tips for being able to write well is to develop your vocabulary. It is just common sense that the more words you know and the better you understand their meanings, the better you will write. We often hear the saying 'practice makes perfect'. With writing, this saying is quite true. The more you write, the better you become. In many circles, people will provide critiques of your writing. This might be in a professional setting, such as a business report or academic paper. Make sure you listen to these critiques. They are often provided by more experienced writers and can help no end when learning how to write well. Enjoying research also helps your writing skills. The more you know about a topic, the easier it is to write and the clearer your message will be. Also, make sure that you write in a logical and organized fashion. If your writing does not flow and is all over the place, the reader will not be able to understand it and will most likely not finish reading it.
Follow the rules of grammar and punctuation. You cannot write well if you do not understand or use the formalities of writing. People will consider your writing to be of quality and, thus, your ideas. Using these rules makes the writing piece read better. There are many ways you can develop such writing formalities. One of the easiest is with the use of electronic tutorials, such as the How to Write Well tutorial from Write 101. This includes four tutorials: grammar; vocabulary; punctuation; and
sentences and paragraphs. When you write, try not to use long-winded sentences. This can really confuse readers. Focus your writing and get to the point. Don’t try to impress with long sentences and big words. Your writing audience will appreciate the ability to read easily. Along these same lines, make sure your titles or headings accurately describe the content of your writing. You want catchy titles; however, if they don’t reflect the content, readers will be unhappy and will quit reading part-way through the content. Writing well is about getting the facts right. If you misinform readers about facts they will consider the rest of your writing to be unprofessional and of poor quality. When writing, try to get the words right first and foremost. It might take a bit of juggling around but the right word in the right spot is worth more to good writing than almost anything. Do not place a word in text just because it sounds good and you think it will impress readers. Steps to Achieve Good Writing When you start writing, make sure you know what you are writing for. What is your goal? If you stick to this throughout the writing process, you should not veer off course. Once you’ve got this in mind, organize an outline of your written piece. This outline will structure your writing. Once you’ve worked out your outline, start writing. The first phase of writing involves writing everything down. Don’t worry about spelling or punctuation at this stage. As long as you can read it back, this is fine. The final stage is editing. This is one of the most important phases as it really polishes the piece and gives that final credibility. Learning how to write well is not rocket science. It is a skill, like any other, that can come with practice and effort. By: shamansourian [ چهارشنبه پانزدهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 11:3 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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Powerful Words There are some words that just have it and some that don’t. When used in certain sentences, the words that have it can make all the difference. It could be a mediocre piece of writing, but with the use of a few powerful words it becomes engaging and action-packed reading. Powerful words are essentially action verbs (see also, Parts of Speech). They are used to engage audiences. They are tools that give your communication energy and spark. Audiences take note and the message that you are seeking to convey is more likely to be heard: · Try to replace verb phrases with single verbs (Empire State College, 2009). Examples include replacing ‘give instructions to’ with ‘instruct’ and ‘in the majority of cases’ with 'usually'. · Powerful words are specific rather than vague (Empire State College, 2009). For example, replace ‘I was glad’ with ‘I jumped with excitement’. · Swap more general verbs with descriptive words to make the text more powerful. This might mean replacing ‘walked’ with ‘swagger' . There are also tools that help you use powerful words when writing. For example, try the free plain language converter on this website to convert verb phrases to single verbs. And try products like the popular Ultimate Vocabulary software and the excellent StyleWriter. Powerful words not only make your writing stand out, but they also make you stand out. You can use power words during a board meeting or in a work report. This will make sure what you say, or what you write, packs that much-needed punch and gets you noticed. It will make you stand out from the crowd. Nothing screams competency and aptitude more then a rich vocabulary and articulate and powerful speech. Power words can be used and are extremely helpful in a variety of business environments. Whether it is when writing a resume or partaking in an important job interview, having knowledge of powerful words is a must. Power words are also impressive when used in a social setting. You will become the life of a party with your action-packed and colorful stories. Turn boring routine happenings into vibrant goings-on just by changing your words. You don’t have to be that wilting flower in the corner anymore with power words. Once developed, they are sure to impress. Developing power words is just a matter of time and patience. The more you have to do with them, the easier they will come. The next time you write or are asked to speak at a function, think about what you are going to say and substitute passive with action. Stand out and be noticed for all the right reasons with powerful words.
By: shamansourian [ چهارشنبه پانزدهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 10:53 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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Correct Grammar: Some Basics Correct grammar is about knowing where words and their parts belong in sentences. It can include possessing knowledge of word categories, inflections, and how they operate and relate to other words within a sentence. Good grammar is fundamentally important to the way we communicate. If we lack knowledge about grammar, our communication suffers. This can produce flow-on effects into our lives and careers. Often, it doesn’t matter how intelligent or knowledgeable you are; if you lack the necessary grammar skills, you can lose credibility. Some Grammar Basics There are some basic aspects of grammar. Knowing these will improve your writing. Some of the basics of grammar include: · Nouns. These words are "things" — such as people, places, and ideas. In the sentence, "The cat sits on the mat", the nouns are "cat" and "mat". · Verbs. These words are "doing words" because they convey action — "run", "catch", "sing" are all examples of verbs. In the sentence, "The cat sits on the mat", the verb is "sits" because "sitting" is what the cat is doing. · Adjectives. Adjectives are "describing words" because they describe things — for example, a thing might be "exciting", "heavy", or "awkward". Adjectives add something extra to the sentence. In the sentence, "The black cat sits on the new mat", the adjectives are "black" and "new" since "black" is describing the "cat" and "new" is describing the "mat". · Adverbs. Like adjectives, adverbs add something extra to a sentence. Adverbs describe verbs (and adjectives and other adverbs). For example, you might run quickly, catch awkwardly, or sing badly. In the sentence, "The black cat sits quietly on the new mat", the adverb is "quietly" since it is describing how the "cat" is "sitting". · Subjects. The "subject" of a sentence is the thing that does the verb; in other words, the thing that conducts the action. In the sentence, "The cat sits on the mat", the subject is "The cat" because the cat is doing the action of "sitting". · Objects. The object is the thing that has the verb or action done to it. In the sentence, "The cat sits on the mat", the object is "the mat" because the mat is the thing that is having the verb being done to it — it is the thing being sat on. · Active voice and passive voice. "Active voice" and "passive voice" basically refers to the order in which you have placed the subject, verb, and object. The active voice goes: "subject, verb, object"; but the passive voice goes: "object, verb, subject". The sentence, "The cat sits on the mat" is in the active voice because the sentence is in the form of "subject ("the cat"), verb ("sits"), and mat ("object")." Put in the passive voice, the sentence becomes "The mat is being sat on by the cat". Clear writing usually comes from writing in the active voice. This is because the active voice usually conveys your point more quickly than the passive voice and prevents ambiguity by making it clear who did what to whom. · The difference between "that" and "which". There is a growing trend toward keeping a strict distinction between the words "that" and "which". The distinction is best explained using an example. Compare these sentences: "I like the cat that is sitting on the mat" versus "I like the cat, which is sitting on the mat". In the first sentence, the word "that" explains that I am looking at several cats; but, of all these cats, the cat I like is the cat that is sitting on the mat. The word "that" tells you that "sitting on the mat" is essential to my pointing out the cat I like. In the second sentence, the word "which" explains that I am looking at only one cat, which, by the way, happens to be sitting on the mat. Here, the words following "which" add an extra bit of information that is not necessary to my explaining the cat I like. If you support this distinction between "that" and "which", you would not write "I like the cat which is sitting on the mat" or "I like the cat, that is sitting on the mat". Keeping the distinction is important because the distinction, more often than not, prevents ambiguity (though there are occasions where ambiguity occurs even while keeping the distinction). Here are some more examples to think about. What is the difference between: "Buy me the milk that is high in fat" versus "Buy me the milk, which is high in fat"; "I visited the house that Jack built" versus "I visited the house, which Jack built"; "I like the primary school books that are easy to read" versus "I like the primary school books, which are easy to read".
By :shamansourian
[ چهارشنبه پانزدهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 10:43 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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How to Improve Your Vocabulary and Build Confidence Tip: If you seriously want to improve your vocabulary, then we strongly suggest you try the popular Ultimate Vocabulary software. Click Ultimate Vocabulary for more information.* Sometimes, we find ourselves in environments we are not accustomed to, such as a different work setting or social function. In such situations, we may find conversation does not flow. What about when we pick up a book that looks interesting, but we just can’t quite get the gist of it? How to improve your vocabulary and participate confidently becomes an important concern. What is unusual about vocabulary is that you may possess significant knowledge of words in one area but lack in others (Curtis and Kruidenier, 2005). Despite believing we possess a good level of vocabulary knowledge, we can sometimes feel inadequate. Don’t be concerned; there are ways we can develop our vocabulary. Things to consider when increasing your vocabulary · The more you read, the richer your vocabulary will become. · Just knowing the definition of a word does not indicate you understand it. · You must also understand it in context. · Knowing what a word means is connected to the background that the word is used within. · Words that are used in speaking or writing (ie “expressive vocabulary”) often require a greater understanding than those used in listening and reading (ie “receptive vocabulary”) (Allen, 2006). Some methods to answer your questions on how to improve your vocabulary include: examining similarities and differences in word meanings; learning new words frequently; and keeping a written record of words, their meanings, and usage that you have learnt. Also, look at word associations, such as antonyms, synonyms, and roots; study words that signal connections to other words (ie signal words); and examine words that sound the same but are spelt differently and have different meanings (homophones) (California Department of Education, 2007). Figure 1: Example of a vocabulary development exercise: Greek and Latin Root Taken from Texas Education Agency (2002) 31 According to the Texas Education Agency (2002), how to improve your vocabulary should occur through active learning. It is also suggested that you must explore definitional learning (for example, through synonyms and getting the learner to define meanings in their own words) and contextual understandings (such as putting words into different sentences and creating stories where the word is the main focus). A Solution: Building Your Vocabulary The popular Ultimate Vocabulary software product has adopted the above principles and offers a wide range of techniques to help build your vocabulary. Apart from the 50 usage examples, word history, visual word explorer, encyclopedia information, and images, for every single word, there are customizable Flash Cards; Synonym Memory; Word Antonym Memory; Word Recall and tests (such as synonym tests, antonym tests, definition tests, and word recall). By :shamansourian
[ چهارشنبه پانزدهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 10:39 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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ساخت شناسی واژگانی (morphology) ساخت شناسی واژگانی، دانشی است که تکواژهای یک زبان را مورد بررسی قرار می دهد. تکواژ (morpheme)، کوچکترین واحد معنی دار در هر زبان است. بدین ترتیب باید میان «واژه» و «کوچکترین واحد معنی دار» تفاوت قایل شد. برای مثال، «آموزگاران» یک واژه و سه تکواژ است: ۱) “آموز” (بن مصدر آموزش) ۲) پسوند “گار” (گار، نشانه انجام کاری از سوی کسی است. مثل آفریدگار یا گناهکار که در اصل گناهگار بوده است.) ۳) علامت جمع “ان” نمونه انگلیسی: واژه “tourists” هم از سه تکواژ تشکیل شده است: ۱) ”tour” 2) پسوند “ist” 3) علامت جمع “s” اگر یک تکواژ در شرایط گوناگون، شکل های مختلفی به خود بگیرد، آنها را تکواژگونه های (allomorph) نمونه اصلی می نامیم. مثال ها: الف. حرف تعریف در the apple که بصورت /thi/خوانده می شود، تکواژگونه ی the است. ب. پیشوندهای “im” در impossible و “ir” در irregular، و “in” در “incorrect”، همگی تکواژگونه های پیشوند منفی ساز در انگلیسی اند. ج. پسوندهای جمع s در books و z در birds و Iz درbenches همگی تکواژگونه های جمع انگلیسی اند. برخی تکواژها را می توان به عنوان واژه، به تنهایی بکار برد. این دسته از تکواژها را تکواژهای مستقل (free morphemes) می نامند. در واژه توریست،”tour” تکواژمستقل است. برخی تکواژها را نمی توان بطور مستقل بکار برد. این تکواژها را تکواژهای وابسته (bound morphemes) می نامند. در واژه توریستس، “ist” و “s”، تکواژهای وابسته اند. در واژه که چند تکواژ وجود دارد، تکواژمستقل را بن (base, rout) می نامند. بعضی از وند (affix)ها، نوع بن یا معنی واژه را تغییر نمی دهند. برای نمونه می توان به “s” جمع یا “s” مالکیت یا -ed (علامت گذشته) یا نظیر آنها اشاره کرد. به اینگونه وندها، وندهای تصریفی (inflectional affixes) می گوییم. بعضی از وندها، نوع بن یا معنی واژه را تغیر می دهند. مانند ly, ment, al, ize و نظیر آنها. به اینگونه وندها، وندهای اشتقاقی (derivational affixes) می گوییم. جدول زیر چند نمونه از «وند»های تصریفی و اشتقاقی در زبان انگلیسی را نشان می دهد:
روش های واژه سازی یک. compounding: همکنش، همکرد. روش ترکیبی؛ که در آن با ترکیب دو واژه، واژه ای نو ساخته می شود. مانند: Blackbird, textbook, waterbed, نمونه های فارسی : تماشاخانه، سنگفرش، آب انبار،… دو. blending: آمیزش. روشی که در آن، برای بیان یک چیز، از ترکیب ویژگیهای آن چیز، واژه ای نو می سازند. تفاوت این شیوه با روش قبلی در این است که در روش دوم، واژگان اصلی شکسته شده و سپس از ترکیب آنها واژه ای نو پدید می آید. این کار هم برای کوتاهی و هم برای زیبایی واژه جدید صورت می گیرد. مانند: Telecast = television + broadcast Smog = smoke + fog Bit = binary + digit Motel = motor + hotel در زبان فارسی، بتازگی استفاده از این روش، معمول شده است. یکی از زیباترین واژه های نو ساز، کلمه “فینگیلیش” است که به جای “زبان فارسی با خط انگلیسی” استفاده می شود. این واژه ترکیبی، کاملا درست است و ما نمونه های مشابه آنرا در زبانهای دیگر نیز سراغ داریم: Franglais = French + English Spanglish = Spanish + English سه. :derivation وندافزایی. روشی که در آن با استفاده از پیشوندها، پسوندها و ریشه های (بن های) یک زبان ، واژه نو ساخته می شود. پتانسیلِ زبان های فارسی و انگلیسی در واژه سازی به روش derivation، بسیار بالا است. نمونه فارسی : دانشگاه (بن دانش + پسوند گاه) چهار. clipping: چینش. روشی که در آن، بخش نخست از واژه ای چند هجایی جدا شده و بجای آن واژه بکار می رود. نمونه انگلیسی : ad (advertisement), fan (fanatic), math (mathematics),… نمونه فارسی : آک (آکبند)، آزِ (۱) (آزمایشگاه فیزیک (۱))،… پنج. acronym: واژه ای است که از حروف نخست چند واژه گرفته شده باشد. تفاوت acronym با abbreviation آن است که اولی را می توان همانند یک واژه خواند، اما دومی را باید ”حرف، حرف“ یا ”جدا جدا“ به زبان آورد. نمونه: رادار (Radio Detecting And Ranging) ناسا (National Aetonautics and Space Administration) ناتو (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) نکته: سازمان ”سیا“ در فارسی، acronym است، اما در انگلیسی کوته نوشت یا abbreviation به شمار می رود؛ چون در انگلیسی بصورت جدا جدا (C.I.A ، سی آی اِی) تلفظ می شود. شش. back formation: روشی که در آن با حذفِ پسوند یک واژه، واژه ای نو ساخته می شود. نمونه: Back Formation Original Words televize television edit editor resurrect resurrection هفت. conversion: تغییر نوع دستوری واژه و ایجاد معنایی جدید، با حفظ معنای قدیمیِ آن. نمونه: الف) واژه butter به معنای کره، امروزه بصورت فعل (کره مالیدن) نیز بکار می رود. همچنین واژه paper به معنای کاغذ، امروزه معنای ”با کاغذ پوشاندن“ نیز می دهد. ب) واژه must که پیشتر فعل بوده، امروزه بصورت اسم نیز بکار می رود. در فارسی نیز ما گاهی باید را بصورت اسمی بکار می بریم : ”هیچ بایدی در کار نیست.“ هشت. borrowing: وام گرفتن یک واژه از زبانی دیگر. در انگلیسی واژگان بسیاری از زبان فرانسوی وام گرفته شده و حتی دهها واژه فارسی، وارد زبان انگلیسی شده است؛ واژگانی چون shah (شاه)، paradise (پردیس)، caravan (کاروان)، lilac (نیلک، گل یاس)، khaki (رنگ خاکی)، chador (چادر)، و… از آن گروهند. در فارسی، واژگان بسیاری از زبان عربی وام گرفته شده که نتیجه ی آن غنای زبان پارسی بوده است. متاسفانه در وامگیری از زبان های عربی و انگلیسی افراط شده که نتیجه ی آن، چیزی جز بی خیالی نسبت به اصالت و هویت زبان رسمی ایران نبوده است. نه. onomatopoeia: ناماوا. واژه ای که از روی آوای یک چیز ساخته شده باشد. نمونه ی انگلیسی : baa, buzz, mew, moo, … معادل های فارسی : وِز وِز کردن (زنبور)، شارش یا شریدن، ماما کردن (گاو)،… ده. تغییر معنا: بسیاری از واژگان در طول زمان، معنای خود را از دست می دهند و یا با حفظ معنی، معنای تازه ای می یابند. توجه داشته باشید که بر عکس conversion، در اینجا نوع دستوری واژه تغییری نمی کند. برای نمونه در فارسیِ چند قرن پیش، ”مزخرف“ معنای آراسته می داده و مثلا اگر به کسی می گفتند ”عجب خانه ی مزخرفی! این سلیقه از کیست؟“، صاحب خانه بسیار سرخوش و مسرور می شده است. امروزه، مزخرف در فارسی یعنی ”چِرت“ و ”بی ارزش“. برخی زبانشناسان، تغییر معناها را در غالب extension، narrowing، specialization، generalization، amelioration، و pejoration دسته بندی کرده اند که چون همگی تغییر معنا است، از توضیح آنها خودداری می کنم. یازده. metaphor : متافور یعنی استعاره. تنها تعداد اندکی از استعاره ها بصورت واژه جدید وارد زبان می شوند. نمونه : Understand = under + stand، در گذشته ی دور، استعاره از نزدیک شدن به چیزی بوده است. Holyday = holy + day یا روز مقدس، در گذشته ی دور، چون روزهای تعطیل، مناسبت مذهبی داشته است، این واژه ابتدا بصورت استعاره استفاده می شده و امروزه با معنایی کامل بکار می رود. Grover Hudson، استاد دانشگاه میشیگان، واژه سازی از طریق جا افتادن استعاره را زیرمجموعه ی Extension می داند. دوازده. coinage : نوآورد. ساخت واژه ای کاملا تازه که ریشه در هیچ زبانی نداشته است. برای نمونه kleenex، nylon، googol (یک و صد صفر جلوی آن) و… واژگانی است که بصورت قراردادی و بدون استفاده از هیچیک از قوانین واژه سازی ساخته شده است. سیزده. calque یا loan translation: واژه برساخت؛ حاصل ترجمه لفظی واژه ای است که پیشتر در زبان مقصد وجود نداشته است. برای مثل gratte-ciel از فرانسوی به صورت skyscraper وارد انگلیسی و از آنجا بصورت «آسمانخراش» وارد فارسی شده است. واژگان انگلیسی و فارسی، ترجمه لفظ به لفظ معادل فرانسوی شان هستند که ساختمان بلند را به خراشیدن آسمان تشبیه کرده است.
[ چهارشنبه پانزدهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 7:21 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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تهیه و تنظیم : شاهمنصوریان موبایل : 09113912290
[ چهارشنبه پانزدهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 7:19 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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[ چهارشنبه پانزدهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 7:14 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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زبان انگليسي (1) سال اول متوسطه
تهیه و تنظیم : علی شاهمنصوریان تلفن تماس : 09113912290
[ جمعه دهم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 12:58 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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بسمه تعالی در جدول زیر حدودا 50 الی 60 لغت وجود دارد که مربوط به لغات دروس 1 الی 8 کتاب زبان انگلیسی سال سوم راهنمایی می باشد لطفا آنها را پیدا کرده و آنها را در جدول با علامت مشخص نمایید. ادامه مطلب [ چهارشنبه یکم اردیبهشت 1389 ] [ 7:3 ] [ علی شاهمنصوریان ]
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درباره وبلاگ  بنده دبیر زبان انگلیسی رامسر با بیست و هفت سال سابقه تدریس در زبان وحدود نوزده سال سابقه در سر گروه زبان انگلیسی رامسر و نویسنده کتب :هزار نکته در مورد ازدواج --- اموزش گرامر انگلیسی--- اموزش مکالمه --- نرم افزار اموزشی کل لغات زبان انگلیسی دوره دبیرستان و پیش دانشگاهی و .......می باشم.. شماره تماس 09113912290
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